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Barkley L. Hendricks - Icon for My Man Superman
(Superman Never Saved any Black People - Bobby Seale) 1969 |
A major exhibition at the Tate Modern in London, Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black
Power, closed last week. Looking at the two decades from 1963 it explored
how black artists responded to and reflected the civil rights struggle, the
Black Power movement and political and cultural changes in America. It was a
soul stirring collection from both an aesthetic angle of the art displayed and
the background to the work and artists which invited further investigation. Photography was tolerated in the gallery so I took a few pictures and spent several days afterwards digging around.
Romare Bearden - The
Street and The Dove (both 1964)
The opening exhibits in Soul of a Nation were from 1963 - the year of the March on
Washington and Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have A Dream speech – and focussed on
Spiral, a group of artists in New York looking to produce work within the wider
context of the Civil Rights Movement. One of the founders, Romare Bearden, born
in 1911 and an experienced artist, writer, poet, musician and social worker, suggested
the group produce collaborative collages. The idea was rejected but Bearden
went ahead and produced a series alone. As a lover of collage, particularly
photo-montage, the exhibition couldn’t have got off to a better start for me
than with a half a dozen of Bearden’s pieces including the bustling Harlem scenes
portrayed The Street and The Dove.
Emory Douglas – All
Power To The People (1969)
As Minister of Culture for the Black Panther Party, Emory
Douglas helped design the party’s newspaper and provided a series of posters
for the back page as an effective way of distilling and taking concerns of the
party to the streets. Douglas’s comic book style was as instantly recognisable
as the Panthers themselves who knew a thing or two about image and branding.
“Revolutionary art, like the Party, is for the whole community and deals with
all its problems. It gives the people the correct picture of our struggle
whereas the revolutionary ideology gives the people the correct political
understanding of our struggle,” wrote Douglas. There were far more striking
examples of Douglas’s work – lot of firearms and Pigs - displayed but such was
the scrum of people around them this was the only snap I took. For more, see Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of
Emory Douglas, published in 2007.
Dana C. Chandler – Fred
Hampton’s Door 2 (1975)
Within a year of joining the Black Panthers in Chicago, Fred
Hampton rose to the rank of national deputy chairman and was instrumental in
creating the Rainbow Coalition, working with local gangs of various ethnicities
to reduce crime and violence which Hampton saw as self-defeating and
detrimental to the plight of all the poor and oppressed people. Hampton’s
influence both inside and outside the black community made him especially
dangerous in the eyes of the FBI.
In 1967 Hampton allegedly assisted a group of schoolkids
to help themselves to $71 dollars’ worth of tasty treats from a Good Humor ice
cream van while he restrained the driver. The judge didn’t see the funny side
and sentenced Hampton to a brain freezing two to five years. On bail, in December
1969, at home sleeping, Hampton was killed/murdered/executed by the Chicago
police who fired nearly a hundred shots threw his door and throughout the flat
– without return - in the raid, including two straight to the head from point blank
range.
David Hammons – Injustice
Case (1970)
Bobby Seale, co-founder the Black Panther Party, and was
one of the “Chicago Eight” arrested and charged with conspiracy and inciting a
riot during protests at 1968 Chicago Democratic Nominating Convention. The only
black man on trial – the rest were white activists, anti-Vietnam protesters and
Yippies including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin – Seale’s request the trial be postponed
as his lawyer was undergoing gall bladder surgery was refused, as was Seale’s subsequent
request to represent himself. Throughout the early weeks of the trial Seale
repeatedly interrupted the court to express his constitutional rights were
being denied. Judge Julius H. Hoffman ordered court marshals to chain Seale to
a chair with a gag in his mouth and tie his jaw shut with a strip of cloth
wrapped from the bottom of his chin to the top of his head. This continued for several
days until Hoffman found Seale guilty of 16 acts of contempt of court and
sentenced him to four years in prison. The 1987 television film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8
is excellent and well watching.
Hammons’ piece looks like an x-ray but was made by
rubbing himself in margarine then pressing his body against the paper before sprinkling
black powder on the grease to reveal the image. The American flag has been cut
away and a man is boxed in, bound and gagged. As for Bobby Seale, in 1970 he
published Seize the Time: The Story of
the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton and in 1987 wrote Barbeque'n with Bobby Seale: Hickory &
Mesquite Recipes. “I've developed my own contemporary southern-style,
hickory-smoked barbeque recipes that have delighted the taste buds and
appetites of politicians, writers, community activists, movie stars, family and
friends, and thousands more at numerous barbeque fund-raisers.”
Benny Andrews – Did
the Bear Sit Under the Tree? (1969)
Using the ‘rough collage’ style Andrews favoured, this is
an oil on canvas painting given an extra dimension by the rolled-up fabric stars
and stripes and the man’s mouth made from a zipper (unzipped). The man is
waving his fists but doesn’t look threatening or angry to me; more scared and
weakly defensive. Andrews explained he is “shaking his fist at the very thing
that is supposed to be protecting him and that he’s operating under.”
Wadsworth Jarrell – Black
Prince (1971) and Liberation Soldiers
(1972)
AfriCOBRA – African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists – were
a Chicago artists’ collective and these paintings were made for their
exhibitions. AfriCOBRA’s images would, according to their manifesto, embody “the
expressive awesomeness that one
experiences in African art and life in the U.S.A” and have an emphasis on “Color
color Color color that shines, that is free or rules and regulations”. The
bright Kool Aid acid colours used here would make eye-catching posters.
Malcolm X in The
Prince is largely depicted using the letter B for Black, Bad and Beautiful
and if you look closely at Liberation
Soldiers, the figure of Huey Newton on the left has ‘Badest Mothefucker
Alive’ coming straight out his head. Stick that on yer wall.
A double-album,
Soul of a Nation: Afro-Centric Visions in the Age of Black Power, featuring Gil Scott-Heron, Joe Henderson, Roy Ayers, Doug Carn and many more is available on
Soul Jazz and a book of the exhibition is published by Tate. Both highly recommended.